Disadvantages for families

Disadvantages of Peer Reviews

Disadvantages of a SPARCling defense

Giving infecting bacteria a little freedom early on can be good for the host, according to a new study by Rotta et al. (page 657). Confining the bugs too quickly, they find, can tie up the immune cells that need to spread the word. Certain bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella, are quickly surrounded by macrophages, dendritic cells, and other immune cells that seal off the...

Human Errors: Disadvantages and Advantages

The traditional paradigm for learning and training of operators in complex systems is discussed and criticised to react on the strong influence (the doctrine of 'mental logic') coming from research carried out in artificial intelligence (AI). The most well known arguments against the AI-approach are presented and discussed in relation to expertise, intuition and implicit knowledge. The importan...

Effectiveness studies: advantages and disadvantages

In recent years, so-called "effectiveness studies," also called "real-world studies" or "pragmatic trials," have gained increasing importance in the context of evidence-based medicine. These studies follow less restrictive methodological standards than phase III studies in terms of patient selection, comedication, and other design issues, and their results should therefore be better generalizab...

Advantages and Disadvantages of Privatization

The merits and drawbacks of privatization have been subjects of considerable debate among business-people, city leaders, and public employees alike. Indeed, each element of privatization—from its apparent cost-saving properties to its possible negative impact on minority workers—provokes strong reaction. About the only thing that everyone can agree on is that the trend has been enormously benef...